Preheat oven to 350°F (175°C) and grease a 13x9 inch baking pan.
In a medium bowl, whisk together 3 cups flour, baking powder, baking soda, and salt.
In a separate large bowl, cream 1 cup butter and granulated sugar together until light and fluffy. Add eggs one at a time, beating well after each addition.
Mix in 1 tablespoon lemon zest, 0.25 cup lemon juice, and vanilla extract.
Add the dry ingredients to the wet ingredients in three additions, alternating with the buttermilk, beginning and ending with the dry ingredients.
Toss blueberries in 1 tablespoon of flour to prevent sinking, then gently fold them into the batter.
Spread the batter evenly into the prepared pan and bake for 25 to 30 minutes, or until a toothpick inserted into the center comes out clean.
Cool the cake completely on a wire rack before frosting.
To prepare frosting, beat cream cheese and 0.5 cup butter until smooth. Add powdered sugar, remaining lemon zest, and lemon juice; beat until light and airy.
Spread the frosting over the cooled cake and slice into rectangles for serving.